Geology and geodiversity of the Amazon : three billion years of history.

Registro completo de metadados
MetadadosDescriçãoIdioma
Autor(es): dc.creatorVal, Pedro Fonseca de Almeida e-
Autor(es): dc.creatorFigueiredo, Jorge-
Autor(es): dc.creatorMelo, Gustavo Henrique Coelho de-
Autor(es): dc.creatorFlantua, Suzette G. A.-
Autor(es): dc.creatorQuesada, Carlos Alberto-
Autor(es): dc.creatorFan, Ying-
Autor(es): dc.creatorAlbert, James S.-
Autor(es): dc.creatorGuayasamín Ernest, Juan Manuel-
Autor(es): dc.creatorHoornh, Carina-
Data de aceite: dc.date.accessioned2025-08-21T15:21:48Z-
Data de disponibilização: dc.date.available2025-08-21T15:21:48Z-
Data de envio: dc.date.issued2025-07-04-
Data de envio: dc.date.issued2020-
Fonte completa do material: dc.identifierhttps://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/20468-
Fonte: dc.identifier.urihttp://educapes.capes.gov.br/handle/capes/1011890-
Descrição: dc.descriptionThe Amazon hosts the most diverse tropical forest on Earth. But underneath, the Amazon also comprises an exceptionally geodiverse landscape, marked by the towering Andes in the west, highland plateaus with dramatic escarpments in the east, and the Amazon River traversing the region as a major artery. The region’s exceptional geodiversity and biodiversity have shaped one another through time, as geological forces created the diverse soils, biotas, and hydrological landscapes of the modern Amazon. In this chapter we explore how these features evolved over a three-billion-year history, and show that periods of continental breakup followed by mountain building ultimately led to the characteristic subdivision of the western and eastern Amazon, while also generating a wealth of ore deposits, oil and gas reserves, and freshwater aquifers. The modern landscape was initiated after the supercontinental breakup that separated the continents of South America and Africa (c. 100 million years ago, or Ma), leading to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and the gradual uplift of the Andes Mountains. However, the Central and Northern Andes only reached their present altitude after accelerated uplift during the Neogene (c. 20 Ma) due to changes in Pacific plate motions. Together with a rise in global temperatures and sea level during the middle Miocene (c. 17–15 Ma), the uplift of the Andes prompted radical changes in the Amazonian paleogeography, paleoclimate, and paleoenvironments, resulting in the creation of a large mega-wetland known as the Pebas System. The rise of the Andes further caused an eastward tilt in sedimentary basins that resulted in drainage changes and the formation of the transcontinental Amazon River (c. 10–4.5 Ma). These geological changes form the basis of the present west to east trending gradient, which is reflected in the geomorphology, lithology, and geochemistry, and explains contrasting weathering rates and nutrient composition across the Amazon. Conversely, the diverse hydrologic and geochemical regimes affect physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and deposition, feeding the geological subdivision of the Amazon. Global climate change also played a role by modifying Amazonian geomorphology and river base levels. Periods of global warming and high sea level, such as in the middle Miocene, inundated the Amazon with marine water, whereas global cooling, in the late Miocene (c. <11 Ma) and culminating in the Quaternary (c. <2.6 Ma), led to glacier formation in the high Andes and global sea level fall. The latter resulted in deep incised valleys and ria-like relict river patterns that are still visible in the Amazonian landscape today. During the interglacials, glacier melt also impacted the Amazonian landscape through megafan deposition at the interface between the Andes and Amazon. Looking into the future, and with knowledge of deep time history in mind, the anthropogenic effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 on climate today may lead to an ice-free world in which renewed — fast rising — global sea level is likely and would result in an inundation of part of the Amazon, similar to the scenario last seen in the middle Miocene. In short, the geographic position of the Amazon, with its unique geological and climatic history, has created an unparalleled geodiversity, the foundation for the evolution of life and its unmatched biodiversity today. The rates of change induced by anthropogenic activity may outpace anything seen in geological and vegetation records and lead us to an uncertain future.-
Formato: dc.formatapplication/pdf-
Idioma: dc.languageen-
Publicador: dc.publisherScience Panel for the Amazon-
Direitos: dc.rightsaberto-
Direitos: dc.rightsThis report is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BYNC-SA 4.0) License. Fonte: PDF do livro.-
Palavras-chave: dc.subjectGeodiversity-
Palavras-chave: dc.subjectAmazon craton-
Palavras-chave: dc.subjectAquifers-
Palavras-chave: dc.subjectAndean uplift-
Palavras-chave: dc.subjectSoils-
Título: dc.titleGeology and geodiversity of the Amazon : three billion years of history.-
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