CONSEQUENCES OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELITTUS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND FETUS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW (Atena Editora)

Abstract

Introduction: During pregnancy, a woman's body changes to shelter and maintain the baby. In this process, the pregnant woman can develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as a result of the increase in blood glucose levels. Risk factors for GDM include overweight, advanced maternal age, history of GDM in previous pregnancies, and preeclampsia. To diagnose it, it is necessary to test fasting plasma glucose, if it is greater than or equal to 92 mg/dl, but less than 126 mg/dl, the diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made. After the diagnosis has been made, it is important that the pregnant woman undergoes treatment correctly to avoid the consequences of the disease for the mother and baby. Methodology: this study used an integrative literature review as a method. The search took place in the PubMed, Scielo and VHL databases. The data collected is from 2015 to 2021 in Portuguese and English. Gestational diabetes, diagnosis, treatment, newborn and complications were used as keywords. Results: the final analysis sample consisted of 10 articles in the English language between 2018 and 2021, 7 from PubMed, 2 from Scielo and 1 from the VHL. Conclusion: it was possible to understand during the work the seriousness of the main consequences of GDM for both the newborn and the mother. For the fetus, macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortions, prematurity and neonatal death can be observed. For the mother, there is an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, the need for a cesarean section, neoplasms, ophthalmic, psychiatric, kidney diseases, eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, postpartum complications such as hemorrhages.