Gallstone Formation Post-Excessive Weight Loss: Mechanisms and Preventive Strategies (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION The introduction discusses The prevalence and risk factors associated with gallstone formation, particularly in the context of rapid or excessive weight loss. It highlights the physiological changes in bile composition and gallbladder motility that contribute to the development of cholesterol gallstones, with a focus on the impact of bariatric surgery and dietary factors. The introduction also emphasizes the need for effective preventive strategies to mitigate the risk of gallstones during weight loss. OBJETIVE To explore and elucidate the mechanisms underlying gallstone formation following rapid or excessive weight loss. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Gallstone formation” AND “Rapid weight loss” AND “Bariatric surgery” OR “Cholesterol metabolism” OR “Preventive strategies” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results and discussion sections delve into the biochemical mechanisms of gallstone formation post-weight loss, examining the role of cholesterol supersaturation, bile acid deficiency, and impaired gallbladder motility. The impact of various weight loss methods, including bariatric surgery, on gallstone risk is compared, with a particular focus on the higher incidence in rapid weight loss scenarios. The discussion also covers preventive measures such as the use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), dietary modifications, hydration, and physical activity, evaluating their efficacy and challenges in different patient populations. CONCLUSION The conclusion underscores the complexity of gallstone formation following significant weight loss and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to prevention and management. It highlights the need for ongoing research into novel preventive strategies, as well as the role of patient education and healthcare provider training in reducing the burden of gallstone disease. The conclusion reaffirms the significance of targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes and quality of life in individuals at risk of gallstones due to rapid weight loss.