Best Practices for Eye Drop Usage in Ophthalmology: A Narrative Review (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION The historical evolution of eye drop usage in ophthalmology has transformed from rudimentary herbal remedies to sophisticated pharmacological agents, driven by significant advancements in formulation science and drug delivery systems. Current trends focus on enhancing drug bioavailability, reducing dosing frequency, and minimizing adverse effects. Patient adherence and regulatory considerations are critical factors influencing the success of eye drop therapy. OBJETIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of various eye drop formulations in ophthalmology. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Advanced formulation science” AND “Drug delivery systems” AND “Patient adherence” AND Ophthalmic therapeutics” OR “Regulatory considerations” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effectiveness of various eye drop formulations, including nanoparticle-based carriers and sustained-release systems, has been evaluated, showing improved clinical outcomes. Strategies to enhance patient adherence, such as simplified dosing regimens and technological innovations, are essential. The shift towards preservative-free formulations addresses concerns about preservative-induced ocular toxicity, improving the safety and tolerability of long-term eye drop use. Regulatory guidelines ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of ophthalmic medications, while cost-effectiveness analyses help balance economic impact with high-quality patient care. CONCLUSION The continuous evolution of eye drop research and development underscores the dynamic nature of ophthalmic therapeutics. Innovations in formulation science, drug delivery systems, and personalized medicine approaches are expected to provide new solutions for managing ocular conditions. The integration of digital health technologies and artificial intelligence will revolutionize patient engagement and adherence, ultimately improving the quality of life for patients and paving the way for further innovations and therapeutic breakthroughs in ophthalmic care.