Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Pain Management in Orthopedic Surgery: A Literature Review (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are integral to postoperative pain management in orthopedic surgery, offering targeted analgesia that minimizes the need for systemic opioids. The history and evolution of PNBs have been marked by advancements in nerve anatomy understanding and ultrasound-guided techniques, enhancing their efficacy and safety. PNBs encompass various techniques, including single-injection and continuous infusions, tailored to specific surgeries and patient needs. They offer significant benefits, including reduced opioid consumption and enhanced patient satisfaction. OBJETIVE Analyze the efficacy of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in reducing postoperative pain. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Regional Anesthesia” OR “Pain Management” OR “Orthopedic Surgery” OR “Peripheral Nerve Blocks” AND “Postoperative Analgesia” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The efficacy of PNBs in reducing postoperative pain is well-documented, with studies showing lower pain scores and reduced opioid consumption. Continuous infusion techniques provide longer-lasting pain relief compared to single injections. PNBs have a favorable safety profile, with reduced risks of serious complications due to the precision of ultrasound guidance. Comparative studies reveal that PNBs outperform traditional pain management methods in terms of pain control, patient satisfaction, and functional recovery. They also contribute to shorter hospital stays and quicker rehabilitation, particularly in outpatient and high-risk patient populations. CONCLUSION Peripheral nerve blocks have revolutionized pain management in orthopedic surgery by providing effective, localized analgesia and reducing opioid dependence. Future advancements in PNB techniques and ongoing research will further enhance their efficacy and safety, ensuring optimal postoperative care. The integration of PNBs into multimodal pain management strategies, including Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, underscores their critical role in modern surgical practice.