Cardiovascular Changes in Individuals with Mood Disorders: A Comprehensive Review (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders, are prevalent mental health conditions that significantly impact global health. These disorders are characterized by complex pathophysiologies involving genetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors. Cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and hypertension, are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The connection between mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases has been increasingly recognized, highlighting the importance of understanding the biological mechanisms and risk factors that link these conditions. OBJETIVE A The main objective of this work was to comprehensively analyze the cardiovascular changes observed in individuals with mood disorders, elucidating the complex interactions between these prevalent health issues. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Mood Disorders” AND “Cardiovascular Diseases” AND “Pathophysiology” AND “Mental Health” AND “Inflammation” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The impact of depression on cardiovascular health is well-documented, with strong associations between depressive symptoms and increased risks of myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. Bipolar disorder presents unique cardiovascular risks, with metabolic syndrome and hypertension being prevalent among these patients. Anxiety disorders also significantly impact cardiovascular health through heightened sympathetic nervous system activity and chronic stress. Pharmacological treatments for mood disorders, including antidepressants and mood stabilizers, can have varying cardiovascular effects, necessitating careful management. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption, are crucial for mitigating cardiovascular risk in patients with mood disorders. The roles of inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, and genetic predispositions further complicate the relationship between mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSION The intricate interactions between mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases underscore the necessity for integrated and comprehensive care approaches. Understanding the biological mechanisms, shared risk factors, and effective management strategies is essential for improving health outcomes in individuals with comorbid mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Future research should focus on developing targeted interventions that address both mental and cardiovascular health in a holistic manner, emphasizing the importance of integrated care to achieve optimal health outcomes.