THE INFLUENCE OF GUT MICROBIOTA ON TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a growing concern globally, related to genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Recent studies highlight the fundamental role of the intestinal microbiome in the pathophysiology of DM2, affecting energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Unbalanced diets can disrupt the gut microbiota, leading to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Therapeutic strategies, such as probiotics and prebiotics, have shown potential in improving glucose metabolism. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding this relationship. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize the latest findings to develop more effective approaches to preventing and managing T2DM.

GOAL: Synthesize recent findings on the relationship between gut microbiota and DM2, identifying gaps in research and directing future investigations to advance knowledge and develop innovative therapeutic approaches. METHODOLOGY: A literature review was carried out using the MEDLINE-PubMed database, covering studies published between 2014 and 2024. Of the 850 studies found, 29 were selected after critical analysis. Inclusion criteria were based on the descriptors "Intestinal microbiota" OR "Gut microbiome" AND "diabetes mellitus", excluding animal studies and narrative reviews. RESULTS: There was an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in pre-diabetic patients treated with probiotics, potentially improving glucose homeostasis. Disturbances in the circadian rhythms of the microbiota were observed in people with DM2, suggesting possible biomarkers for early identification of the disease. Certain probiotic strains have shown improvements in glycemic control in adults with T2D, while pharmacological treatments such as oral antidiabetics and bariatric surgery have led to significant changes in the microbiota. DISCUSSION: The analysis reveals that changes in the intestinal microbiota are associated with DM2, including a reduction in microbial diversity and an increase in endotoxin-producing bacteria. Dietary interventions, such as probiotics and prebiotics, show potential in the management of DM2, improving body composition and the inflammatory response. However, challenges remain, including interindividual variability and the need to better understand underlying mechanisms. In summary, microbiota modulation may be a promising therapeutic strategy, but requires further research for clinical validation. CONCLUSION: The analysis reveals that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology and treatment of DM2. Changes in microbial composition are associated with the development of the disease, highlighting the importance of personalized therapeutic interventions, such as probiotics and dietary modification, to improve glycemic control and patients' quality of life.