Psychological Impact of Facial Trauma: A Comprehensive Analysis (Atena Editora)

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The human face, with its intricate anatomy and vital functions, is vulnerable to trauma that can result in profound physical and psychological consequences. Understanding its complex structure is crucial for effective medical management, with facial trauma often requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving emergency medicine, surgery, and psychiatry. Classification of facial trauma encompasses various injuries, including soft tissue and bony damage, with diverse causes such as accidents, falls, and assaults. Beyond physical injury, facial trauma frequently precipitates a range of psychological disorders, from PTSD to depression and anxiety, profoundly impacting patients' well-being and recovery. This necessitates integrated medical and psychological interventions to address both the physical and emotional aspects of facial trauma, promoting comprehensive healing and rehabilitation. OBJETIVE: Analyze and describe the main aspects of psychological impact of facial trauma the last years. METHODS: This narrative review utilized comprehensive search strategies across multiple databases, including PubMed, SciELO, and Medline, to explore the intersection of facial trauma with psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. The search employed descriptors "Facial Trauma," "Psychology," "Depression," and "Anxiety," focusing on recent literature. Studies included in the review were sourced from reputable databases such as MEDLINE-PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, ensuring a robust and inclusive selection process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The psychological impact of facial trauma is profound, with a significant prevalence of disorders such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety observed among affected individuals. Severity of facial trauma correlates positively with the intensity of psychological symptoms, highlighting the need for tailored interventions. Coping mechanisms such as social support and active problem-solving mitigate psychological distress, while avoidance coping strategies exacerbate symptoms. Long-term effects include diminished self-esteem and impaired social functioning. Sociodemographic factors like age and socioeconomic status influence psychological outcomes, alongside risk factors such as prior trauma and lack of support. Multidisciplinary interventions, including surgical reconstruction and counseling, play pivotal roles in recovery. Cultural sensitivity is crucial in treatment approaches, recognizing variations in coping mechanisms across cultures. Facial trauma disrupts interpersonal relationships, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive support systems. Strategies promoting psychological resilience, like cognitive-behavioral therapy and peer support, are essential for facilitating recovery and promoting well-being in affected individuals. CONCLUSION: The analysis of facial trauma's psychological impact highlights the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and anxiety, with severity correlating with symptom intensity. Effective coping strategies, like social support, mitigate distress, while avoidance worsens symptoms. Long-term effects include diminished self-esteem and social impairment. Sociodemographic factors and previous trauma history influence outcomes. Multidisciplinary interventions, including surgery and counseling, are crucial for recovery. Cultural sensitivity is essential in treatment, and trauma significantly affects interpersonal relationships. Strategies promoting resilience, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are vital for long-term well-being post-trauma.